Energy abundance

Cadmium-telluride thin-film solar — non-Chinese supply chain, larger US manufacturing capacity than the rest of the industry combined.

High-temperature superconducting tokamak (SPARC, ARC). Aiming for commercial fusion energy by early 2030s.

Microreactor developer (Aurora). Fast-spectrum fission using recycled nuclear fuel.

Pulsed, aneutronic fusion with direct electricity conversion. Signed 50MW PPA with Microsoft targeting 2028.

First SMR design certified by the US NRC (VOYGR-77). 77 MWe modules, integral pressurized water reactor. Romania CE Oltenia deployment in development.

Aneutronic fusion via field-reversed configuration (p-B11 fuel). Backed by Google, NEA, Vulcan. Cancer-therapy spinout TAE Life Sciences.

Lead-cooled fast reactor running on reprocessed nuclear waste (MOX fuel). Closes the fuel cycle. HQ London, R&D in Italy and France.

Iron-air batteries — 100-hour storage at ~1/10th the cost per kWh of lithium. First commercial deployments with Xcel and Great River Energy underway.

Enhanced geothermal using horizontal drilling from oil & gas. Operating commercial pilot in Nevada.

Microreactor designs ZEUS (solid-core, mobile) and ODIN (low-pressure salt). IPO May 2024. R&D-stage; no operating reactor yet.

100 MW PEM electrolyzer plants for green hydrogen at industrial scale. First gigawatt-class factory in Devens, MA.

Pulsed magnetic fusion using impedance-matched Marx generators. $900M Series A at launch — one of the largest seed-equivalent rounds in fusion.

Gravity-based long-duration storage (composite blocks lifted by automated cranes), plus battery and green hydrogen platforms. Operations in China, Australia, US.

Advanced fission reactors using molten-salt coolant. Construction permit issued; Google PPA for 500MW.

High-temperature gas-cooled SMR. Amazon deal for 5GW+; TRISO fuel fabrication facility under construction.

Compact spherical tokamak with high-temperature superconducting magnets. ST40 device hit 100M °C ion temperature in 2022.

Magnetized target fusion — plasma compressed by mechanically-driven liquid metal liner. LM26 demonstration plant in Richmond, BC.

Sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch fusion. No magnets or lasers — uses a column of plasma to confine itself. FuZE-Q device achieved fusion plasma in 2023.

Inertial fusion via projectile-driven target compression. Spun out of Oxford. Demonstrated fusion in 2022.

Laser-driven inertial fusion using nano-structured targets. Partnered with Colorado State for a $150M test facility.

Stellarator fusion — uses HTS magnets in twisted geometry to confine plasma without plasma current drive. Infinity One pilot plant planned at TVA Bull Run site.

Stellarator fusion. Spun out of Max Planck IPP (Wendelstein 7-X). Stellaris reference design targeting 2030s pilot plant.

Sodium-cooled fast reactor (Natrium, 345 MWe) with integrated molten salt thermal storage for load-following. First plant under construction in Kemmerer, WY. Founded by Bill Gates.

Plug-and-play 20 MWe modular pressurized water reactor. Sells power directly to industrial offtakers via PPA. Multiple deployment agreements in Poland, UK, Romania.

Sodium-cooled microreactor (10 MWe). Pod-based, factory-built, designed for AI data center pairings. Idaho National Lab partnership.

Portable 1 MWe high-temperature gas-cooled microreactor (Kaleidos) for off-grid, military, and disaster-relief use. NRC operating license in process.

Closed-loop geothermal — drills a heat-collecting radiator underground, no fracking or aquifer dependency. First commercial Eavor-Loop under construction in Geretsried, Germany.

Millimeter-wave drilling (gyrotron-vaporized rock) to reach 10–20 km depth, where geothermal heat is hot enough to retrofit any coal plant. MIT spinout.

Pressure-driven enhanced geothermal — uses the earth as a giant battery, pumping water in under pressure and releasing it for both baseload and storage. Meta data-center PPA signed 2024.

Advanced compressed-air energy storage (A-CAES) using purpose-built underground caverns. 8+ hour duration. Multi-GWh projects in development in Australia and California.

Solid-carbon thermal batteries delivering process heat and power for heavy industry. Cheap charge from intermittent renewables, output as 1500 °C heat.

Heat-storage refractory bricks charged by renewable electricity, deliver continuous high-temperature process heat. Backed by Microsoft, Breakthrough Energy.

Concentrated solar with computer-vision-aimed heliostats producing 1000+ °C process heat for industry. Backed by Bill Gates; SPAC-listed (NYSE: HLGN).

Perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells holding the world-record certified efficiency for commercial-size cells (~28%). Brandenburg fab shipping commercial modules.